Learn About Aspergillosis

Key Facts:

• Aspergillus is a type of mold commonly found indoors and out, in soil, dust, plant material and even food.
• It is typically harmless to healthy people but can cause illness in those with lung disease, a specific immune sensitivity to aspergillus or weakened immune systems.
• Aspergillosis cannot be spread from person to person.
• Though most people with a healthy immune system can fight the infection, individuals with a weakened immune system or underlying lung condition could be at risk of developing aspergillosis.
• There are three main forms – allergic, chronic and invasive.

Who is at Risk?

If you are in good health, your body should be able to defend itself against inhaled Aspergillus spores before they can cause an infection. If you live with a weakened immune system or an underlying health condition, you could be at risk. Certain factors that make you particularly susceptible are:

• Low white blood cell count. This includes if you are undergoing chemotherapy, living with HIV/AIDS, have had an organ transplant or have leukemia.
• Long-term lung disease, such as COPD or tuberculosis, which may cause cavities in the lung tissue where the infection can take hold.
• Having asthma or cystic fibrosis can make you more susceptible to having an immune sensitivity to the Aspergillus mold.
• Long term use of corticosteroids or other immune-suppressing medications.

What Causes Aspergillosis?

Aspergillus, the mold that causes the disease, is found everywhere—indoors and outdoors. If you have a healthy immune system, it is unlikely to cause a problem because your body can destroy the spores. If you have a weakened immune system, you may be at risk from being unable to fight off the infection before the fungus invades the lungs and other parts of the body.

How Aspergillosis Affects the Body

Aspergillosis severity varies depending on what form you have. There are three main categories—allergic, chronic and invasive.

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis occurs when you develop an immune sensitivity to Aspergillus after inhaling the mold. While not common, this disease tends to be seen more often in people with asthma or cystic fibrosis.

Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis occurs when you already have a chronic lung disease, such as TB, emphysema, COPD or advanced sarcoidosis. The fungus starts to grow in existing cavities in the lungs caused by the underlying lung disease. Over time, the aspergillosis may cause these cavities to enlarge and increase in number. This process can also damage or alter the blood vessels in the lungs, which can result in bleeding.

Invasive aspergillosis is the most uncommon, but most severe, form of the disease because it affects all parts of the body. This is most common if you have a weakened immune system, which could result from undergoing chemotherapy or having an organ transplant. The infection spreads rapidly from the lungs to the brain, heart, kidneys or skin, and can be life-threatening.